Facial feminization surgery is an umbrella term for a group of reconstructive surgical procedures that reshape masculine facial features into a more feminine appearance. It is performed almost exclusively on trans women and other transfeminine people, typically addressing the forehead, nose, chin and jawline, since feminizing hormone therapy can redistribute facial fat but cannot alter masculine bone structure. Because of this, the surgery is considered medically necessary treatment for gender dysphoria in many cases, and some United States states now require health insurers to cover it.
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Facial Feminization Surgery
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Who developed facial feminization surgery?
The surgeon Douglas Ousterhout pioneered most of the techniques, beginning in 1982.
The procedure was first considered in 1982, when the surgeon Darrell Pratt, who performed genital reassignment surgeries, approached Douglas Ousterhout to operate on a trans woman who wanted her face to look more feminine. Ousterhout had already reconstructed the faces and skulls of people affected by birth defects, accidents or other trauma, but he did not know what made a face female. He studied early 20th-century anthropology to learn which features were considered feminine, derived measurements from cephalograms taken in the 1970s, and tested them on several hundred skulls. He pioneered most of the procedures and was involved in their later improvements.
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Source Facial feminization surgery (Wikipedia)
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1. Wikipedia
Wikipedia contributors, Wikimedia Foundation
2. Facial feminization surgery (Wikipedia)
History section
FFS was first considered in 1982 when surgeon Darrell Pratt, who performed genital reassignment surgeries, approached Douglas Ousterhout to operate on a trans woman.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_feminization_surgery, lead section
Facial feminization surgery (FFS) is an umbrella term for surgical procedures that modify masculine facial features to achieve a feminine appearance using reconstructive surgery techniques.
Treats: Gender Dysphoria, Lead
While feminizing hormone therapy (using estradiol and frequently antiandrogens) can change facial appearance via fat redistribution, it cannot change masculine bone structure, such as a prominent brow ridge, wider nose, or larger chin; because of this, FFS is a medically necessary treatment and in many cases is required to treat gender dysphoria.
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