Diffuse Infiltrative Lymphocytosis Syndrome

Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome is a rare multi-system complication of HIV infection, believed to arise from an abnormal persistence of the CD8+ T cell expansion that normally occurs early in HIV infection, occurring alongside a low CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio. The persistent CD8+ T cells invade and damage tissues and organs, classically producing bilateral swelling of the salivary glands, swollen neck lymph nodes, and dry eyes and mouth, though the lungs, nervous system, kidneys, liver, digestive tract, and muscles can also be involved. Diagnosis requires confirming HIV infection, six months or more of the characteristic signs and symptoms, organ infiltration by CD8+ T cells, and exclusion of other autoimmune conditions, and with treatment through antiretroviral therapy and steroids as needed, the overall prognosis is favorable.