Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

Thoracic outlet syndrome is a condition in which the nerves, arteries or veins are compressed in the superior thoracic aperture, the passageway from the lower neck to the armpit. There are three main types: neurogenic, venous and arterial. The neurogenic type is the most common and presents with pain, weakness, paresthesia and occasionally loss of muscle at the base of the thumb; the venous type causes swelling, pain and a bluish arm; and the arterial type causes pain, coldness and pallor of the arm. It may result from trauma, repetitive arm movements, tumors, pregnancy or anatomical variations such as a cervical rib, and it is difficult to diagnose. Initial treatment for the neurogenic type is exercise to strengthen the chest muscles and improve posture.