Non-freezing cold injury

A non-freezing cold injury is tissue damage caused by prolonged exposure to cold temperatures above freezing, typically in wet conditions. It mainly affects the hands and feet and is marked by microvascular and nerve injury, producing pain, sensory changes and lasting sensitivity to cold. Several forms exist, including trench foot, named for its link with trench warfare, immersion foot, and injury from cold water diving. The affected area is first cold and numb, then within a day or two becomes hyperemic with an intense burning pain, blisters, redness and sometimes ulceration. Lifelong numbness, paraesthesia and chronic pain may follow. It is typically found in soldiers, and prevention focuses on recognizing those at risk, limiting exposure and suitable protective equipment.