Psychotherapies that use a creative, artistic or experiential medium, rather than talk alone, as the primary therapeutic activity. This includes the core creative-arts modalities (art therapy, music therapy, dance movement therapy, drama therapy, psychodrama, play therapy), literary and media-based approaches (bibliotherapy, cinema therapy, hip-hop therapy, superhero therapy), animal and nature-based experiential therapies (animal-assisted therapy, equine-assisted therapy, wilderness therapy), and the broader expressive-therapies umbrella term itself along with chess therapy, a game-based expressive modality. A therapy that only occasionally uses a creative exercise within an otherwise cognitive, behavioral or psychodynamic framework is grouped under that framework instead.