Founders and practitioners of alternative medicine systems and devices outside naturopathy, osteopathy and chiropractic, Ayurveda, Unani, Chinese medicine, African healing, somatic bodywork and hydrotherapy, each of which has its own group here. This covers the founders of homeopathy and its offshoots, mesmerism and animal magnetism, anthroposophical medicine and its associated therapies, claimed psychic and faith healing, alternative cancer treatment protocols, energy-medicine devices, and other named alternative systems and their popularizers, together with a Renaissance physician and alchemist whose rejection of prevailing Galenic medicine helped found the alternative medical tradition that followed. A figure grouped here may hold a real medical credential; what places them in this group is that their notable contribution to medicine is a specific alternative system or claim rather than one of the eight named traditions grouped separately.