Historical and traditional treatment techniques whose primary mechanism is a practitioner's own hands, fingers, needles or simple pressure applied directly to the body, rather than a compounded remedy, water, an energy claim or a cutting operation. This includes the manipulative professions built on spinal, joint or soft-tissue manipulation (chiropractic, osteopathy, osteopathic manipulative treatment, bonesetting, bone-setting, craniosacral therapy, zero balancing), needle- and pressure-point techniques drawn from East Asian medicine (acupuncture, acupressure, shiatsu, tui na, gua sha, auriculotherapy, reflexology, neuroreflexotherapy), and diagnostic or therapeutic hands-on techniques applied to a specific body region (applied kinesiology, pelvic massage, abhyanga). A technique whose defining agent is heat, smoke, a burning substance or an ingested or injected preparation, even when applied near the same body points these practices use, is grouped elsewhere; moxibustion, built on burning mugwort rather than manual pressure, is grouped under folk and ethnomedicine practices instead.